How much of an impact has the outbreak of the war in Ukraine had on Europe’s already weak nuclear deal with Iran? And what kind of future agreement could be on the cards for Europe and Iran?

Eight years after its landmark 2015 nuclear deal the European Union’s relationship with Iran remains fraught.

At various points during Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the EU slapped sanctions on Iran, including for supplying hundreds of drones to Russia. And it also placed tariffs relating to human rights violations - linked to the repression of protesters and the kidnapping of European hostages.